Vista is crap and has less driver availability than either XP or 7.
Turion 64 is crap. It was crap when it was new; it's really old crap now. But if that's all you have then that's what you have. Also, few machines that canme out with Turion64 would have 1GB RAM in them unless it had been upgraded aftermarket. How much RAM do you have? Both Vista and 7 will require 1GB minimum.
crap software + crap hardware = badness.
I do not recognise that connector. It looks like a SATA connector that has been ripped off of a circuit board and photographed from the wrong side. A PATA (IDE) to SATA adapter would have some electronics to it. look for options for hard drive compatibility mode etc in the BIOS.