The possibility that autism is the human evolutionary past
I assume that the American student discovering the secret of DNA was James Watson. He was actually a postdoc at the time and was working with Francis Crick to make the discovery.
The development of Braille was a very nice invention, but I don't see how it could possibly be considered to be some kind of scientific breakthrough.
I'm unfamiliar with the "uneducated janitor in London". Perhaps you can tell us what that was about.
In any case, I have never claimed that amateurs cannot make quite useful and interesting scientific discoveries. Such discoveries are not all that unusual. But that is not what we have for the OP. He wants to massively rewrite the scientific history of mankind to introduce some kind of Autistic Man.
In the case of Watson and Crick, they did not set out to prove that DNA is helical. Rather, they set out to discover the structure of DNA and that led them to the evidence that it is helical. In the case of the OP, he is setting out with an intent to show that there existed a human line of Autistic Man. Do you see the difference?
for example, we have nuts like Jenny McCarthy pretty much making stuff up and she is able to get it published in non-scientific journals, but i don't think we should consider her credible as an actual scientist so she probably could do with some education. but there are isolated examples of rare modern scientists who were able to advance a field of study without having the expected education.
I used to know a Mathematician who had published a very impressive number of high quality papers in the journals but who had only a Master's degree.
the theory that this thread links to has enough errors that i would encourage the authors to seek further education or more detailed feedback from people in a scientific field. as it stands now, there are just too many holes in it for it to float, and if they better understood the concepts they are using in the paper they could see which direction they should go in.
i don't think that only people with degrees should be taken seriously when they are doing research or publishing hypotheses... as long as the research or information in it is scientifically sound.
That's true, but there are so many instances of people trying to push junk science that without an advanced degree it is very difficult to get any serious consideration of the work. More importantly, getting the money it takes to do the research is going to be nearly impossible unless they are recognized researchers in the field.
If the OP's idea had any merit, it could likely take years of hard work doing research to advance it to the stage of getting it to the point of being accepted. And that takes serious research money to accomplish.
What bothers me most about this is that he is starting with the goal he wants to prove instead of starting with evidence and trying to piece that together to make better sense of it.
There def seem to be elements of apsergers that would suggest benefits in a hunter/gatherer society. For example, the fact many aspies can handle being alone for periods of time, or that they communicate very directly. Both assets if hunting. Same with the logical brain.
Where it seems to break down is the amount of people with AS who seem to have other conditions and are unable to cope with the world or find mates.
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Bonobos are also a polygamous species that don't pairbond. Where's the greater similarity with humans, exactly?
Besides, that's a different dimension of behavior than I'm referring to. I made no mention of mating behavior. Pairbonding has nothing to do with autism. I was pointing out instead that chimpanzees show a similar level of interest in each other as NT humans do.
It follows evolutionary lines as well as any behavioral trait. What about felines? There are dozens of feline species, almost all of which follow the solitary-dispersal lifestyle. (Lions are, of course, an exception, but just because ostriches can't fly doesn't mean flight evolved separately in all the other birds.)
Yes, sometimes the same trait can independently evolve in different groups, without it being present in their common ancestor (eg bats and birds both fly but the pre-dinosaur reptile-thing they both evolved from did not). But in good science, you go with the simplest explanation that accounts for the data.
The simplest explanation for both chimps and humans (and bonobos) being predominantly social species is that our common ancestor was. And then to argue that we got less social, and then returned to being highly social... well, that would require a whole lot better evidence than the OP has provided.
Wait, Aspies invented language? That doesn't sit right with me, given that Aspies are more likely to be non-verbal than NTs and struggle with the intricacies of language games.
To be honest, I don't think you really present any evidence for your hypothesis, and if anything you are overfitting evidence to your proposal.
Actually, that is a false claim. Differences in mating behavior have a whole lot to do with autism, it is just that we don't yet know this from published science.
In regards to "showing interest" to each others, we have these traits in Aspie Quiz about partner obsessions. Taking those into account, I'd say autistics score sky-high on this dimension when NTs and chimps score low. Who says we must measure social interest the way NTs do?
Felines are a good example. Take lions and tigers. They are closely enough related to be able to occasionally produce fertile offspring. Because lions and tigers are very different socially, such hybrids get very messed-up social behavior. So right there is your evidence for sister species having radically different social behavior.
I see this as a serious problem of the peer-review system. I mean, there are lot of papers written at universities for no other reason than to publish something, and who says those are any more interesting than papers with a possible novel approach from somebody outside of a institution?
It is a myth that autism research must use a lot of money in order to get anywhere. It is quite possible to do such research without funding. You just need to be a little inventive.
Well, good luck with it. It's as good as any other theory I guess.
I wish you luck in arguing that we're anything other than broken neurotypicals.
If we can get a majority to see us as something else, we will cease to be broken neurotypicals. I would like to cease being a broken neurotypical.
Good luck with it.
You are going to need it.
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"Alas, our dried voices when we whisper together are quiet and meaningless, as wind in dry grass, or rats' feet over broken glass in our dry cellar." --TS Eliot, "The Hollow Men"
Thank you all for taking an interest in our proposed hypothesis. Let me try to address some concerns.
We appreciate you noticing spelling errors that we missed, however, we would also appreciate your support in pointing them out.
Hyperlexian, we do not understand your "intelligent design" comment. We are not arguing that an invisible hand selected for these traits, only the ancestral environment.
Ettina, in regards to chimpanzees and bonobos, in a later posting we will make the assertion that the behavioral differences between the two apes are a possible parallel for the differences between autism and what we call lupinism. The violent, political, male-domineering chimpanzees evolved in a harsher environment that the bonobos, who are mostly nonviolent, female-domineered through sex, and display high levels of anxiety (the bonobos at a zoo in Germany died of fright when it was bombed in WWII). Furthermore, chimpanzees approach water with great caution while bonobos love to play in it.
The walrus, yes we are hypothesizing that language evolved in autism to for the transmission of ecological problem solving information, and that it was later adapted to convey social information. If a link between the aquatic ape hypothesis and autism could be achieved, then that would also give us a method for humans being able to speak in the first place, that of conscious breath control, which chimpanzees lack. To be clear, in regards to the AAH, we are merely advancing research questions. We want to know why at least some autistic children have a different lung structure and if pressure cravings are in fact protections from hydrostatic pressure that would be incurred from diving.
We feel that our hypothesis is clear, that these problems which are not getting solved within their own fields, e.g. the evolution of human intelligence and language, the origin of modern human behavior, the lack of human genetic diversity, and the autistic spectrum condition, and we think these problems need to have an inter-field cross examination. It is clear to us that most people are not even aware that most of these are even problems, as you are not taught in school that there is less genetic diversity in all of humanity that there is in one group of chimpanzees. If any of you are not familiar with these problems then perhaps maybe we need to do some background posts on them. And yes, we are a research group. We are flattered that you think one person could have correlated all of this information from diverse fields.
And yes, yes, yes. We are proposing that autism is a species. This is the post that we want to put up today, but in brief: We have a condition that is found in every race, creed, nation, and social class on the planet. It begins in the womb and lasts for the person's entire life span. It is polygenic (as many as one thousand genes) and many of those genes affect how the brain is wired, the ENTIRE brain. It has discernible language and behavioral patterns. It has bodily manifestations, such as gastrointestinal issues, sensory issues, and possibly it's own lung structure and tolerance for pressure. Although frequently clumsy, they dexterously manipulate objects, of which the children begin to do so almost immediately and without any instruction.
Forget, for a minute, all that you have heard about "functioning," or "disabilities." We hypothesize that IN THE ANCESTRAL ENVIRONMENT, a human who was adept at making tools (object obsessiveness, dexterous manipulation of objects, the tendency to collect objects), who could systematize the environment (develop special interests, mainly in physical systems, as we do today, and notice details in those systems) and communicate ecological information (monologues on special interests) could have occupied a niche, which we call a systematizing niche. We feel that this is a hypothetical solution to how intelligence and language evolved, why social sophistication came relatively late in human evolution, and why that social sophistication became cemented after humans went through a population bottleneck, i.e., autism had prior dominance, a new human gained dominance, absorbing autism with it, and this new human has not had enough time to rebuild genetic diversity, occurring as it was about 70,000 years ago.
We feel we are being very clear. If we are not, please be exact in your skepticism.
Once again. Thank you all.
first of all, if autistic individuals are a different species from NTs, they could not have fertile offspring. the difference would also be apparent in our genetic code.
my point was that you don't seem to understand how evolution works. traits are not really "selected for", but just not disadvantageous enough to be "selected against".
other people have already noted to you that autism would seem to be selected against in our environment because autistic individuals are less likely than NTs to reproduce. we don't know if that was also true in the past.
one point about your "systematizing" explanation - evolution does not work like that in a population to unless the people who cannot acquire a certain skill are more likely to die before reproducing (or less likely to reproduce at all). there is no reason to assume that autistic people would be particularly better suited to that environment in that way, given that we do not have enough knowledge about that environment in the first place.
and even if we suspend disbelief and say that they were better suited to that environment, it would not necessarily make autism occur more consistently across the population because it arises within isolated individuals within any group of NTs and is only occasionally and inconsistently heritable.
you didn't address any of my other points, so i have reposted them here:
1. there are multiple spelling errors in your paper. you need to sort that out if you want to be taken seriously as it is not excusable in a legitimate scientific paper.
2. if multiple genetic mutations that can happen to any member of the human population may cause autism (as one of the links in your paper suggests), then autistic people wouldn't qualify as a subspecies. a subspecies doesn't happen at random events across a larger population but would replicate itself mostly predictably within its own population. a subspecies is a population unto itself, not a difference within another population.
3. there is recent evidence to genetically link schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, and ADHD with autism spectrum disorders, which would mean that autism is unlikely to have its own separate origins.
http://www.medpagetoday.com/Pediatrics/Autism/33589
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after reading only that far and finding these difficulties with your work, i would encourage you to obtain a more substantial science background before attempting to go forward with this research. also, if you would like to improve your work by having some scientists review and critically examine your paper, there are many science forums where they would look at your paper in some depth. xkcd actually has a quite awesome science forum where they will give you some frank assistance:
http://forums.xkcd.com/viewforum.php?f=18
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TTRSage
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hyperlexian, thank you for your points. We hope your interest continues. Also, we like you, if for nothing else than your "frank assistance" comment.
We would like to thank you for pointing out that we are being fast and loose with the terms species and subspecies. We mean species in that autism seems to have a different strategy for procuring food from the environment than NTs do. I'm sure you are aware that while in high school you are taught that if two organisms have fertile offspring they are the same species, the biological reality is actually more complicated, and biologists do not agree on any one definition of species.
While we feel we have an adequate grasp of evolution, we still do not understand your point about selected for vs. not disadvantageous enough to be selected against. Is it possible you are being semantic? We are making the point that autistic humans have repeatable, heritable traits, which are based on far too many genes not to have been created by selective pressures, as I'm sure you are aware of the modern synthesis between genetics and natural selection, and that if you cannot ask how these traits would have allowed for survival in the ancestral environment, which we know enough about, then the entire endeavor of evolutionary psychology is thrown into question. We should note, however, that you are not the first person to make that claim.
As to the points about autism humans breeding less. We disagree. Many studies have noticed autistic traits in parents of children who are diagnosed. If anything, perhaps autistic males are not as successful at breeding in their younger years, when aggressive NT males tend to regulate breeding, but more successful in later years, when what is important to females is security for the future, and the stable autistic male looks more appealing. We think this is why older fathers are skewed to have autistic children.
Autism does arise within isolated groups of NTs. But remember, we are claiming that it is the foundation of humanity, and that NTs have not developed enough of their own genetic diversity not to need autism. Furthermore, epigenetics could allow isolated occurrences of that nature provided the proper environmental triggers are present.
To address your other points. If you have found spelling errors, please take the two seconds to point them out.
We do not see how the genetic link between schizophrenia etc. means that autism is unlikely to have its own separate origins from NTs.
Thank you once again.
I think that is correct, yes.
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