Ticker wrote:
So we're all psychopathes on here?
Back when Hans Asperger was doing his research, especially in German, the word psychopathy meant mental and behavioral health disorder in general. Then for a time, psychopathy referred to any kind of aberration of personality (anankastic or obsessive-compulsive, hysterical, inadequate, dependent, emotionally unstable/explosive, aloof, and amoral or dyssocial types). These later became the personality disorders of the DSM-IV-TR and the ICD-10.
For various reasons, the label psychopathy became stuck to the amoral or dyssocial type (i.e., criminal personality). Perhaps it was because people's behavior could appear to be so irrational, self-defeating, and publicly disruptive as to be caused only be a mental illness. Thus, instead of being incarcerated, these people were admitted to psychiatric wards. Those considered mentally ill were diagnosed with a psychosis (e.g., schizophrenia, manic depression) or possibly a severe neurosis (e.g., obsessional neurosis); if the diagnosing physician believed the patient merely had an aberrant personality, he or she would be given a diagnosis of psychopathic personality and often dismissed (since they did not treat character disorders). Later theorists, culminating with Hervey Cleckley's
The Mask of Sanity, developed theory about the psychopathic personality (specifically referring to the amoral or dyssocial types).
The American Psychiatric Association later used the less ambiguous name sociopathy (emphasizing the suspected sociological roots of crime) in the DSM-II and changed the name again to antisocial personality disorder in the DSM-III (the name used in the current revision); the ICD-10 uses the term dissocial personality disorder.
At about the same time the APA changed the word sociopathy to antisocial personality disorder, a researcher named Robert Hare was researching psychopathy in criminal populations. (Researchers usually used generalized personality questionnares like the MMPI to measure psychopathy back then.) He refined the criteria Cleckley had used to come up with a Psychopathy Checklist (PCL). In the PCL, Hare defined psychopathy in terms of personality traits (like impulsivity, glibness, and egocentricity) while the APA defined antisocial personality disorder as a long list of specific criminal acts and violations of social norms in its DSM-III.
Nowadays, psychopathy refers to people who are emotionally callous, exploitative, and prone to criminal acts rather than to generic "nutsos" or people who hallucinate. Hans Asperger was going by the older definition when he used the label
autistic psychopathy.