Thanks to Wikipedia:
Tarmac (short for tarmacadam, a portmanteau for tar-penetration macadam) is a type of highway surface, pioneered by John Loudon McAdam in around 1820. Strictly speaking, Tarmac refers to a material patented by Edgar Purnell Hooley in 1901. The term is also used, with varying degrees of correctness, for a variety of other materials, including tar-grouted macadam, Tarvia, bituminous surface treatments and even modern asphalt concrete.
Asphalt is a sticky, black and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid that is present in most crude petroleums and in some natural deposits sometimes termed asphaltum. It is most commonly modeled as a colloid, with asphaltenes as the dispersed phase and maltenes as the continuous phase (though there is some disagreement amongst chemists regarding its structure). In U.S. terminology, asphalt (or asphalt cement) is the carefully refined residue from the distillation process of selected crude oils. Outside North America, the product is called bitumen.
The primary use of asphalt (Bitumen) is in road construction, where it is used as the glue or binder for the aggregate particles. The road surfacing material is usually called 'asphalt concrete' in North America or simply 'asphalt' elsewhere. The apparent interchangeability of the words 'asphalt' and 'bitumen' causes confusion outside of the road construction industry despite quite clear definitions within industry circles.
I think the key here is the "tar" -- I would think that for airports, where the surface is going to be exposed to the sun and elements all day, every day, the composition would need to be different. Asphalt for roads which can wind through different terrain wouldn't necessarily need the same make-up. Different purposes, different scenarios... just what my gut tells me.
For the record, I immediately thought "asphalt and paint -- in that order". Even after the "surface" reference was removed. Because a road can be dirt and then gravel and still be a road, but asphalt and paint go on top of it. I don't think of "going" as something that cars or vehicles do -- they drive.
Your interviewer doesn't appear to be very precise. Or maybe that was the point of the question as it was framed....
And yes, only on WP would we find so much discussion about what goes on a road...
I'm so at home here...
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It's just me.