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Debrief: Your Performance
Below is some personalised feedback on your performance in the memory task. This is the only copy of feedback you will receive, so please print this page if you wish to keep it for your records.
How accurate was your memory?
Your memory's accuracy is sometimes referred to by memory researchers as its sensitivity. Sensitivity can be summarised in a statistic known as d' (pronounced d-prime), a combination of the number of old items you correctly identified as old, and the number of new items you correctly identified as new. The reason memory researchers take your responses to 'old' and 'new' items into account is to prevent a person scoring 100% on a memory test by simply responding "old" to every word.
Your d' (memory sensitivity) was 2.092.
Well done! You were very good at telling 'old' from 'new' words, and made very few mistakes.
d' range Explanation
below 0 Below chance. This usually indicates a failure to understand the instructions.
0 - 1 Low sensitivity. Scoring in this range is a sign of difficulty performing the task.
1 - 2.5 Moderate to high sensitivity. This is the typical range we see in undergraduate participants who come to the lab at the University of St Andrews to do experiments.
above 2.5 Exceptional sensitivity. Scores in this range indicate few, if any, errors were made.
How biased were your memory judgements?
Your memory bias is the degree to which you favour responding 'old' or 'new'. You can think about it as the degree to which you err on the side of assuming you have forgotten something when your recognition of it is uncertain. Bias is summarised in a statistic known as c (which stands for criterion).
Your c (memory bias) was 0.531.
You showed a very strong tendency to call words about which you were unsure "new".
c values Explanation
below 0 Liberal bias. A tendency to assume that words about which you are uncertain were studied.
exactly 0 No bias. This is often viewed as the optimal criterion where no systematic assumptions are made.
above 0 Conservative bias. A tendency to assume that words about which you are unsure were not studied.
How confident were your memory judgements?
People generally tend to be more confident when they correctly indicate that things are 'old', compared to when they correctly indicate that things are 'new'.
Your average confidence responses, where 1 = "guess", 2 = "probably" and 3 = "sure", were:
'old' words: 2.667;
'new' words: 2.895.
Your confidence when calling words "old" was actually lower than your confidence when calling words "new". This suggests that you trusted your assessment of 'newness' more than you trusted your assessment of 'oldness'.