The research on physical discipline demonstrates that it does much more harm than good and is less effective than other forms of discipline.
https://www.apa.org/monitor/2019/05/physical-discipline
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Parents who use physical discipline may be teaching their child to resolve conflicts with physical aggression. Researchers found that spanking can elevate a child’s aggression levels as well as diminish the quality of the parent-child relationship
https://www.gse.harvard.edu/ideas/usabl ... king-brainQuote:
Research has long underscored the negative effects of spanking on children’s social-emotional development, self-regulation, and cognitive development, but new research, published this month, shows that spanking alters children’s brain response in ways similar to severe maltreatment and increases perception of threats.
https://aifs.gov.au/resources/short-art ... t-childrenQuote:
Good evidence suggests that physical punishment does not reduce defiant or aggressive behaviour nor does it promote long-term positive behaviour in children. A systematic review of 53 studies on the use of physical punishment in schools found that it had negative effects on the academic performance of children and resulted in behavioural issues (e.g. violent behaviour and aggressive conduct).
Research links physical punishment to risks of harm to children’s cognitive, behavioural, social and emotional development. A meta-analysis involving over 160,000 children found that physical punishment can carry the risk of physical abuse (causing a physical injury) and can have similar negative outcomes for children: mental health and emotional challenges, lower cognitive ability, lower self-esteem, more aggression, more antisocial behaviour and negative relationships with parents. Other studies and reviews have added that stress from physical punishment for children can negatively affect their brain development. In addition, physical discipline can quickly and unintentionally escalate to abuse.
The adverse impacts from physical punishment from childhood may last into adulthood. Harsh physical punishment (smacking, shoving and pushing) has been linked to anxiety, depression, substance abuse and antisocial behaviours in adulthood in a similar way to child abuse. Other studies have found associations between physical punishment in childhood and intimate partner violence as an adult, and an increased risk of physical abuse.
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