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monty
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20 Nov 2007, 12:12 pm

Quote:
J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2007 Jun;70(12):1046-51.

Mercury, lead, and zinc in baby teeth of children with autism versus controls.
Adams JB, Romdalvik J, Ramanujam VM, Legator MS.

Chemical and Materials Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA.

This study determined the level of mercury, lead, and zinc in baby teeth of children with autism spectrum disorder (n = 15, age 6.1 +/- 2.2 yr) and typically developing children (n = 11, age = 7 +/- 1.7 yr). Children with autism had significantly (2.1-fold) higher levels of mercury but similar levels of lead and similar levels of zinc. Children with autism also had significantly higher usage of oral antibiotics during their first 12 mo of life, and possibly higher usage of oral antibiotics during their first 36 mo of life. Baby teeth are a good measure of cumulative exposure to toxic metals during fetal development and early infancy, so this study suggests that children with autism had a higher body burden of mercury during fetal/infant development. Antibiotic use is known to almost completely inhibit excretion of mercury in rats due to alteration of gut flora. Thus, higher use of oral antibiotics in the children with autism may have reduced their ability to excrete mercury, and hence may partially explain the higher level in baby teeth. Higher usage of oral antibiotics in infancy may also partially explain the high incidence of chronic gastrointestinal problems in individuals with autism.



monty
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20 Nov 2007, 12:59 pm

Another curious new study.

Quote:
J Child Neurol. 2007 Nov;22(11):1308-1311.
Blood Levels of Mercury Are Related to Diagnosis of Autism: A Reanalysis of an Important Data Set.
Desoto MC, Hitlan RT.

Department of Psychology, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, Iowa. [email protected].

The question of what is leading to the apparent increase in autism is of great importance. Like the link between aspirin and heart attack, even a small effect can have major health implications. If there is any link between autism and mercury, it is absolutely crucial that the first reports of the question are not falsely stating that no link occurs. We have reanalyzed the data set originally reported by Ip et al. in 2004 and have found that the original p value was in error and that a significant relation does exist between the blood levels of mercury and diagnosis of an autism spectrum disorder. Moreover, the hair sample analysis results offer some support for the idea that persons with autism may be less efficient and more variable at eliminating mercury from the blood.

PMID: 18006963 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]



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20 Nov 2007, 1:20 pm

Many of us had inner ear infections as children and therefore more exposure to antibiotics. However, if antibiotics do prevent the secretion of mercury from the body causing levels to build up, does this mercury have an effect integral to autism? Or is it yet another "trait"?

If more kids with autism get more infections and therefore use more antibiotics, is this buildup of mercury a cause, effect, or something circular?


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monty
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20 Nov 2007, 1:28 pm

People want a simple cause and effect, but many diseases are multi-factorial. Heart disease is a good example. What causes heart disease? Lots of things are risk factors - poor diet, lack of exercise, smoking, stress, excess alcohol, genetics, chronic inflammation, lack of sleep, gum disease, environmental toxins, etc etc etc.

Because mercury itself is neurotoxic, I would suspect it plays a role in the disease. Not saying it is THE CAUSE, but may be one of many factors. While antibiotics may reduce elimination of mercury through the gut, does it also reduce elimination through the hair? Dont' know. Is there a genetic component that makes auties more likely to have infections and get antibiotics? Maybe. Could some of us just hang on to more mercury for genetic reasons? Possibly.

This doesn't rule out other risk factors or 'causes' including genetics, dietary intolerances (gluten, dairy, etc), changes in estrogen/testosterone ratios during gestation or childhood, etc etc.



Last edited by monty on 20 Nov 2007, 1:46 pm, edited 3 times in total.

monty
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20 Nov 2007, 1:29 pm

Greater maternal exposure to mercury linked to autism. Less mercury in hair linked to higher risk and severity of autism (!) - apparently, in auties, it isn't eliminated to the hair but remains in the body.

Quote:
Int J Toxicol. 2003 Jul-Aug;22(4):277-85
Reduced levels of mercury in first baby haircuts of autistic children.
Holmes AS, Blaxill MF, Haley BE.

SafeMinds, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

Reported rates of autism have increased sharply in the United States and the United Kingdom. One possible factor underlying these increases is increased exposure to mercury through thimerosal-containing vaccines, but vaccine exposures need to be evaluated in the context of cumulative exposures during gestation and early infancy. Differential rates of postnatal mercury elimination may explain why similar gestational and infant exposures produce variable neurological effects. First baby haircut samples were obtained from 94 children diagnosed with autism using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM IV) criteria and 45 age- and gender-matched controls. Information on diet, dental amalgam fillings, vaccine history, Rho D immunoglobulin administration, and autism symptom severity was collected through a maternal survey questionnaire and clinical observation. Hair mercury levels in the autistic group were 0.47 ppm versus 3.63 ppm in controls, a significant difference. The mothers in the autistic group had significantly higher levels of mercury exposure through Rho D immunoglobulin injections and amalgam fillings than control mothers. Within the autistic group, hair mercury levels varied significantly across mildly, moderately, and severely autistic children, with mean group levels of 0.79, 0.46, and 0.21 ppm, respectively. Hair mercury levels among controls were significantly correlated with the number of the mothers' amalgam fillings and their fish consumption as well as exposure to mercury through childhood vaccines, correlations that were absent in the autistic group. Hair excretion patterns among autistic infants were significantly reduced relative to control. These data cast doubt on the efficacy of traditional hair analysis as a measure of total mercury exposure in a subset of the population. In light of the biological plausibility of mercury's role in neurodevelopmental disorders, the present study provides further insight into one possible mechanism by which early mercury exposures could increase the risk of autism.

PMID: 12933322



ouinon
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20 Nov 2007, 1:47 pm

Very curious indeed!

Anecdotal contribution; my mothers teeth are a mercury filled bombsite, and i suffered from massive ear, nose and throat infections in early childhood, which it is more than likely i received antibiotic treatment for. My sis prob has some deg of AS too. (My german aunt , autistic, was born with hairlip for which received crude surgical treatment, and which prevented her breastfeeding apparently; her autism almost got her taken away to "camp", extermination kind, aswell).

However my 8 year old son has PDD/AS of some kind ( broken language, 5 year old social and body hygiene skills etc etc), but has never received antibiotic treatment, nor vaccinations, and by the time he was conceived 4 of my 6 fillings had fallen out (during long period of super-healthy eating and fasting etc) leaving hollowed but healthy teeth behind.
So mercury not so likely to be involved there.

Very interesting tho; thanks ! Like you say, multi-factor.
hmm
8)



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20 Nov 2007, 1:53 pm

monty wrote:
People want a simple cause and effect, but many diseases are multi-factorial. Heart disease is a good example. What causes heart disease? Lots of things - poor diet, lack of exercise, smoking, stress, excess alcohol, genetics, chronic inflammation, lack of sleep, gum disease, environmental toxins, etc etc etc.

Because mercury itself is neurotoxic, I would suspect it plays a role in the disease. Not saying it is THE CAUSE, but may be one of many factors. While antibiotics may reduce elimination of mercury through the gut, does it also reduce elimination through the hair? Dont' know. Is there a genetic component that makes auties more likely to have infections and get antibiotics? Maybe. Could some of us just hang on to more mercury for genetic reasons? Possibly.

Would that make it 'circular' according to your question?


Yes, cause and effect which becomes cause, which becomes effect, etc. I'm sure autism is very multifactorial as well as highly genetic.

The first study you posted had a cohort of 11, a small number (although in these types of studies, that's not unusual). BUT, they seem to be implying that the uterine environment had higher levels of mercury while they themselves stated that oral antibiotic use prevents the chelation of mercury. And yet their control group was not one who experienced these similar issues; they stated that more autistics had greater use of antibiotics. They SHOULD have had another group which was exposed to the same level of antibiotics as the autism group to see if the antibiotic was indeed a larger factor. If this other experimental group were to have similar levels as the autistic group, it would lean more towards a conclusion that the antibiotics are a key factor in the buildup of mercury in the teeth of these children.

And the same for the hair study. Did these children have more antibiotic use at the time and does this then show in the hair samples?

I for one am inclined to believe that in some, perhaps many, cases of autism that the immune system and the methylation pathways are involved. To what degree, who knows. But these are highly genetic conditions-- actually, the most genetic of any conditions below 100% concordance. And their development begins within the first ten weeks of life. What other melting pot effects are throw on top after that, who knows.


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monty
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20 Nov 2007, 2:02 pm

Good questions. Your mention of methylation sparked a few neurons in my brain. I read a book a decade or so ago claiming that most modern diets are deficient in methyl donors, and that this contributes to many diseases. Just looked on Pubmed and saw this study, which does raise the issue of whether some supplements might help.

Quote:
Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Dec;80(6):1611-7.
Metabolic biomarkers of increased oxidative stress and impaired methylation capacity in children with autism.
James SJ, Cutler P, Melnyk S, Jernigan S, Janak L, Gaylor DW, Neubrander JA.

Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, and the Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA. [email protected]

BACKGROUND: Autism is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder that usually presents in early childhood and that is thought to be influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Although abnormal metabolism of methionine and homocysteine has been associated with other neurologic diseases, these pathways have not been evaluated in persons with autism. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate plasma concentrations of metabolites in the methionine transmethylation and transsulfuration pathways in children diagnosed with autism. DESIGN: Plasma concentrations of methionine, S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), adenosine, homocysteine, cystathionine, cysteine, and oxidized and reduced glutathione were measured in 20 children with autism and in 33 control children. On the basis of the abnormal metabolic profile, a targeted nutritional intervention trial with folinic acid, betaine, and methylcobalamin was initiated in a subset of the autistic children. RESULTS: Relative to the control children, the children with autism had significantly lower baseline plasma concentrations of methionine, SAM, homocysteine, cystathionine, cysteine, and total glutathione and significantly higher concentrations of SAH, adenosine, and oxidized glutathione. This metabolic profile is consistent with impaired capacity for methylation (significantly lower ratio of SAM to SAH) and increased oxidative stress (significantly lower redox ratio of reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione) in children with autism. The intervention trial was effective in normalizing the metabolic imbalance in the autistic children. CONCLUSIONS: An increased vulnerability to oxidative stress and a decreased capacity for methylation may contribute to the development and clinical manifestation of autism.

PMID: 15585776


SAM (or SAM-e) is rather expensive. I sometimes take choline or trimethylglycine (betaine) for another condition, and they are much cheaper. Dunno if they will necessarily substitute 100% for SAM or increase SAM production in all people.



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20 Nov 2007, 3:52 pm

There's a good review I have somewhere that proposes oxidation as a central issue in autism which can then affect the immune system. I'll see if I can find it. I don't remember if it was available free fulltext or not. But I'll at least look up its reference info if you're interested.


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20 Nov 2007, 3:56 pm

I'm interested!! Would love to read that.
8)



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20 Nov 2007, 3:57 pm

I've only got it in hard copy (paper) at the moment, so I'll need to go rummaging for it.


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monty
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20 Nov 2007, 6:50 pm

Here's one on the oxidative stress factors in autism:

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: Pathophysiology. 2006 Aug;13(3):171-81. Epub 2006 Jun 12.
Oxidative stress in autism.
Chauhan A, Chauhan V.

NYS Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA.

Autism is a severe developmental disorder with poorly understood etiology. Oxidative stress in autism has been studied at the membrane level and also by measuring products of lipid peroxidation, detoxifying agents (such as glutathione), and antioxidants involved in the defense system against reactive oxygen species (ROS). Lipid peroxidation markers are elevated in autism, indicating that oxidative stress is increased in this disease. Levels of major antioxidant serum proteins, namely transferrin (iron-binding protein) and ceruloplasmin (copper-binding protein), are decreased in children with autism. There is a positive correlation between reduced levels of these proteins and loss of previously acquired language skills in children with autism. The alterations in ceruloplasmin and transferrin levels may lead to abnormal iron and copper metabolism in autism. The membrane phospholipids, the prime target of ROS, are also altered in autism. The levels of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) are decreased, and phosphatidylserine (PS) levels are increased in the erythrocyte membrane of children with autism as compared to their unaffected siblings. Several studies have suggested alterations in the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase in autism. Additionally, altered glutathione levels and homocysteine/methionine metabolism, increased inflammation, excitotoxicity, as well as mitochondrial and immune dysfunction have been suggested in autism. Furthermore, environmental and genetic factors may increase vulnerability to oxidative stress in autism. Taken together, these studies suggest increased oxidative stress in autism that may contribute to the development of this disease. A mechanism linking oxidative stress with membrane lipid abnormalities, inflammation, aberrant immune response, impaired energy metabolism and excitotoxicity, leading to clinical symptoms and pathogenesis of autism is proposed.

PMID: 16766163


So are autistic people malnourished from sloppy diets as fetuses/infants, or do they have a biochemistry that pushes them that way even when their mothers and they eat a 'healthy' diet? And would supplements that reduce or eliminate these antioxidant deficits reduce the severity of symptoms??



ouinon
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21 Nov 2007, 4:43 am

monty wrote:
So are autistic people malnourished from sloppy diets as fetuses/infants, or do they have a biochemistry that pushes them that way even when their mothers and they eat a 'healthy' diet? And would supplements that reduce or eliminate these antioxidant deficits reduce the severity of symptoms??
That's the sort of question i've been asking myself too; whether genetically determined sensitivities/weaknesses in metabolic processes CAUSE the neurological damage/changes which are part of autism, and would thus need identifying at birth, like the phenylalinine test, or even before, in order to follow special regime to compensate for systems weaknesses, ( if was even possible)
... OR whether all these weaknesses "simply" tend to occur in association with autism, comorbid, metabolic-system weaknesses making autists lives even more difficult than the purely neurological differences would .. ?
I wonder whether they have carried out any studies like those above in which differentiated between those with Sensory PD and those without, seeing as some AS ( around 25%, according to an occupational therapist on WP) supposedly don't have that element, which might reasonably might be supposed to be highly connected to metabolic systems ? !?
8)



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21 Nov 2007, 8:11 am

I've always wondered about this very subject. At my request (which I regret like crazy now) I asked for prophylactic antiobiotics for my son's constant ear infections. He was on these antibiotics (very low levels of amoxicillin, taken daily) for almost two years. I've always felt like this might have contributed to his syndrome, rather than MMR shots -- he didn't get ALL of those at the usual time, and even when he did, he did not have any reactions to them as other people have described with their children.

I've read about the high number of other children who have had LOTS of antiobiotics in their young lives and then been diagnosed with autism. It's one of those things -- what came first -- the ear infections, or the antiobiotics, and THEN the autism . . .

Kris



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21 Nov 2007, 5:45 pm

schleppenheimer wrote:
I've always wondered about this very subject. At my request (which I regret like crazy now) I asked for prophylactic antiobiotics

Kris


Don't beat yourself up over that - you had every reason to believe it was good idea at the time. While the antibiotic fungal extracts are definitely good for life threatening infections, we are developing a deeper understanding of their risks over time, and with perfect hindsight, can say that their use for prophylaxis or 'minor' infections is not advised. And when a kid is in pain, or you think they will slip back into pain, it is hard to consider it a minor infection.



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21 Nov 2007, 8:16 pm

Yeah, as for antibiotics, a child can't live with inner ear infections. Those can be dangerous. So, sadly, using antibiotics is the lesser of two evils. I was on amoxycillin for the first two years of my life.

As for the article, yes, that's the one:

Chauhan, A., Chauhan, V. (2006). Oxidative stress in autism. Pathophysiology, 13, 171-181.

I don't currently have this in an electronic version and I see it's not available fulltext free. But if anyone is attached to a university, you can request it through them.


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