Spinoza, Moses Maimonides, Bar Kochba, Martin Buber ("I and thou"), Wittgenstein, Josephus, Pliny, Wisdom of Solomon, Maccabees, Theodor Herzl, and Baal Shem Tov (founder of Hasidic Judaism). These combined give a great overview of Jewish thinking, although that is just the tip of the iceberg. Clearly the Talmud itself is the elephant in the room.
_________________
There is no wealth like knowledge, no poverty like ignorance.
Nahj ul-Balāgha by Ali bin Abu-Talib